{
  "title": "EU standard VAT rates, 2016 to present",
  "description": "The standard VAT rate in force in each of the 27 EU member states, as a list of the dates a rate began to apply. Standard rates only; reduced rates are not included.",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "Duty27 (https://duty27.com/vat-rates/history)",
  "source": "Compiled from the European Commission TEDB service and cross-checked against the Commission's historical VAT rate tables and national sources.",
  "note": "Country codes are the EU member state codes (Greece is EL). A window runs from its effective date until the next one.",
  "countries": [
    {
      "code": "AT",
      "country": "Austria",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 20
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "BE",
      "country": "Belgium",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "BG",
      "country": "Bulgaria",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 20
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "HR",
      "country": "Croatia",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 25
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "CY",
      "country": "Cyprus",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 19
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "CZ",
      "country": "Czechia",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "DK",
      "country": "Denmark",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 25
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "EE",
      "country": "Estonia",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 20
        },
        {
          "from": "2024-01-01",
          "rate": 22
        },
        {
          "from": "2025-07-01",
          "rate": 24
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "FI",
      "country": "Finland",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 24
        },
        {
          "from": "2024-09-01",
          "rate": 25.5
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "FR",
      "country": "France",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 20
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "DE",
      "country": "Germany",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 19
        },
        {
          "from": "2020-07-01",
          "rate": 16
        },
        {
          "from": "2021-01-01",
          "rate": 19
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "EL",
      "country": "Greece",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 23
        },
        {
          "from": "2016-06-01",
          "rate": 24
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "HU",
      "country": "Hungary",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 27
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "IE",
      "country": "Ireland",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 23
        },
        {
          "from": "2020-09-01",
          "rate": 21
        },
        {
          "from": "2021-03-01",
          "rate": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "IT",
      "country": "Italy",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 22
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "LV",
      "country": "Latvia",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "LT",
      "country": "Lithuania",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "LU",
      "country": "Luxembourg",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 17
        },
        {
          "from": "2023-01-01",
          "rate": 16
        },
        {
          "from": "2024-01-01",
          "rate": 17
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "MT",
      "country": "Malta",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 18
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "NL",
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "PL",
      "country": "Poland",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "PT",
      "country": "Portugal",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "RO",
      "country": "Romania",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 20
        },
        {
          "from": "2017-01-01",
          "rate": 19
        },
        {
          "from": "2025-08-01",
          "rate": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "SK",
      "country": "Slovakia",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 20
        },
        {
          "from": "2025-01-01",
          "rate": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "SI",
      "country": "Slovenia",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 22
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "ES",
      "country": "Spain",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "SE",
      "country": "Sweden",
      "windows": [
        {
          "from": "2016-01-01",
          "rate": 25
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}